collisions.
The 5-MPH Bumper Rule: In the 1970s, United States federal regulations required passenger cars to withstand 5-mph front and rear impacts without suffering damage to safety equipment like headlights and fuel lines. This resulted in the massive “park bench” style bumpers seen on vintage cars.
Modern Integrated Fascias: Today’s “bumpers” are actually lightweight, impact-absorbing foam and composite structural assemblies covered by a flexible, color-matched plastic body fascia. This evolution improved aerodynamic efficiency and fuel economy while protecting pedestrians in low-speed impacts.
Pedestrian Protection Standards: The transition to concealed, removable
